Determining the onset of hydrodynamic erosion in turbulent flow

J. C. Salevan,1 Abram H. Clark,2,1 Mark D. Shattuck,3,1 Corey S. O’Hern,1,4,5 and Nicholas T. Ouellette6 1Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA 2Department of Physics, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943, USA 3Benjamin Levich Institute and Physics Department, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA 4Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA 5Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA 6Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA (Received 27 June 2017; published 20 November 2017)